CHEMISTRY

 Ion exchange chromatography (IEC) is a powerful technique used for the separation and purification of charged molecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. It is based on the principles of electrostatic interactions between charged molecules and oppositely charged stationary phase. In ion exchange chromatography, the stationary phase typically consists of a resin that contains either positively charged or negatively charged groups. These groups are known as the ion exchange sites, which are responsible for binding the target molecule to the stationary phase. The mobile phase is typically a buffer solution that contains counterions of opposite charge to the stationary phase, which help to elute the target molecule. There are two main types of ion exchange chromatography: cation exchange chromatography (CEC) and anion exchange chromatography (AEC). CEC is used for the separation of positively charged molecules, while AEC is used for the separation of negatively cha...

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)   High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of liquid chromatography that uses high-pressure pumps to deliver the mobile phase at a faster rate, resulting in faster separations and higher resolution. HPLC is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for drug development and quality control, as well as in other fields such as biochemistry and environmental science. The HPLC system consists of a pump, an injector, a column, a detector, and a data analysis system. The mobile phase is pumped through the column, which contains the stationary phase (usually a packed column or a porous polymer), and the components of the sample are separated as they travel through the column. The separated components are detected by the detector, which measures the amount of each component in the sample, and the data is analyzed to identify and quantify the components. There are several types of HPLC, each with its unique set of properties and ...

What is Liquid Chromatography?  Liquid chromatography (LC) is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of non-volatile compounds based on their affinity for a stationary phase and a mobile phase. In LC, the stationary phase is usually a packed column or a porous polymer, and the mobile phase is a liquid such as water or an organic solvent. There are several types of liquid chromatography, including normal-phase chromatography (NPC), reversed-phase chromatography (RPC), ion-exchange chromatography (IEC), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and affinity chromatography (AC). Normal-phase chromatography (NPC) In normal-phase chromatography, the stationary phase is polar, and the mobile phase is non-polar. The polar stationary phase interacts with the polar components of the sample, while the non-polar mobile phase elutes the non-polar components. NPC is used for the separation of compounds with polar functional groups, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and peptides. Reverse...

Gas chromatography (GC) is a powerful analytical technique used to separate and analyze volatile compounds. It works on the principle of partitioning a sample between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase is usually a coated capillary column, while the mobile phase is a gas such as helium or nitrogen. GC is widely used in the chemical industry for process control and product analysis. The components of a GC system are as follows: Injection system: The sample is introduced into the GC system through an injection port. The injection system usually includes a syringe or an autosampler to accurately measure and inject the sample into the column. Column: The column is the heart of the GC system. It is a long, narrow tube coated with a stationary phase. The stationary phase can be a liquid or a solid, and it is chosen based on the chemical properties of the sample being analyzed. The column is usually made of stainless steel or glass, and it is heated to a specific te...

What is thin layer chromatography?   Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a type of chromatography that uses a thin layer of stationary phase coated onto a glass or plastic plate as a stationary phase. The sample is applied to the plate, and the plate is then placed in a solvent. As the solvent moves up the plate, the different components of the sample are separated based on their affinities for the stationary phase and the solvent. TLC is a widely used technique in the pharmaceutical, chemical, and biological industries for the analysis and separation of organic compounds. What is the principle of TLC? Principle of Thin Layer Chromatography: TLC is based on the principle that different compounds have different affinities for the stationary phase (usually silica gel or alumina) and the mobile phase (a solvent or a mixture of solvents). The sample is applied to a small spot near the bottom of the plate, and the plate is then placed in a developing chamber containing a small amount of ...

What is Paper Chromatography? Paper chromatography is a simple and versatile form of chromatography that is commonly used in chemical laboratories. It involves the separation of compounds based on their affinities for a stationary phase (a piece of filter paper) and a mobile phase (a solvent). Paper chromatography is used to identify, purify, and analyze a wide range of compounds, including amino acids, plant pigments, and organic compounds. What is the Principle of Paper Chromatography? Principle of Paper Chromatography: The principle of paper chromatography is based on the concept of partition chromatography. Partition chromatography occurs when a sample is placed on a stationary phase (in this case, filter paper) and a mobile phase (the solvent) is passed over it. The different components of the sample will have different affinities for the stationary and mobile phases, which will cause them to separate as the solvent moves up the paper. Experimental Procedure of Paper Chromatograph...

          What is Chromatography? Discuss in detail its all types.   Chromatography is a technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of compounds.  What is the principle of Chromatography? It works on the principle that different compounds have different affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase, allowing them to be separated based on their physical and chemical properties. There are several types of chromatography, each with its unique set of properties and applications. Paper chromatography Paper chromatography is one of the simplest and most widely used forms of chromatography. It involves the use of a strip of filter paper as a stationary phase and a solvent as a mobile phase. The sample is applied to a spot on the paper, and the paper is then placed in a solvent. As the solvent moves up the paper, the different components of the sample are separated based on their affinities for the paper and the solvent. For example, amino acids c...